What are the latest ammendments to the Constitution?

39. thirty-ninth Constitution (Amendment) Bill 1975 passed by Parliament on August 8, 1975 has set up a new forum for dealing with election disputes relating to the President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister and the Speaker. Hitherto, election matters, concerning these high dignitaries were within the purview of the High Courts and Supreme Court.
The 39th amendment was undone by the Lok Sabha on June 18,1977 when it passed the Bill seeking to restore in the Supreme Court the power to decide doubts and disputes relating to Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections.
40. The fortieth amendment of 1976 protected 64 Central and State laws in the Ninth Schedule from litigation and redefined the country's sovereign jurisdiction over its territorial waters, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of India.
41. The forty-first amendment of 1976 raised the retirement age of the Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62.
42. The forty-second amendment of 1976 provided for the supremacy of Parliament and gave primacy to the Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights. Life of the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies was raised to six years. It was provided that no constitutional amendment can be challenged in any court of law. For the first time a set of ten Fundamental Duties for the citizens was enumerated.
The life of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies was restored to five years by the forty-fourth amendment to the Constitution passed in 1978.
43. The forty-third amendment of1977, among other things, restored to High Courts and to Supreme Court their jurisdiction to consider the constitutional validity of any Central or State law. It also repealed the articles empowering Parliament to make laws to deal with anti-national activities and associations.
44. The furiy-fourth amendment of 1978 limited the powers of the Government to proclaim internal emergency and corrected some distortions which crept into the Constitution during emergency.
45. The forty-fifth amendment of 1980 extended the reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and the representation of the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies for 10 years, i.e., up to January 25, 1990.
46. The forty-sixth amendment of 1982 enabled the State Governments to plug loopholes and realise sales tax dues and also brought about some uniformity in tax rates.
47. The forty-seventh amendment of 1984 has included certain land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution with a view to obviating the scope of litigation hampering the implementation process of those acts.
48. The Forty-eighth amendment of 1984 has made inapplicable the conditions mentioned in clause (5) of article 356 in the case of the State of Punjab. Article 356 of the Constitution lays down that President's rule in a State cannot be continued in force for more than one year unless the special conditions mentioned in clause (5) of the said article are satisfied.
49. The forty-ninth amendment of 1984 has enabled the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution to be made applicable to the tribal areas of the State of Tripura. This amendment is intended to give a constitutional security to the autonomous District Council functioning in the State.
50. The fiftieth amendment of 1984 has brought within the ambit of article 33 of the Constitution the members of the intelligence forces and persons employed in telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of a force. Article 33of the Constitution empowers Parliament to enact laws determining to what extent any of the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution could be restricted or abrogated in application to the members of the armed forces to ensure proper discharge of their duties.
51. The fifty-first amendment of 1984 provides for reservation of seats for tribesmen of the north-eastern States in the Lok Sabha and in the State Assemblies in these States.
52. The fifty-second amendment of 1985 has banned floor crossing by members elected on a party ticket to the legislative bodies.
53. The fifty-third amendment of 1986 provides that acts of Parliament will not apply to the new State of Mizoram unless so decided by the Mizoram legislature, if these concern religious or social practices, customary law, administration of civil and criminal justice, and ownership and transfer of land. It also provides that the Legislative Assembly of the new State will have not less than 40 members.
54. The fifty-fourth amendment of 1986 has enhanced the salaries of judges of Supreme Court and High Courts. The increase in salaries is from Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 10,000 for Chief Justice of India from Rs. 4,000 to Rs. 9,000 for Chief Justices of High Courts and Judges of Supreme Court, and from Rs. 3,500 to Rs. 8,000 for Judges of High Courts.
55. The fifty-fifth amendment of 1986 has vested special powers in the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh besides stipulating that the new State Assembly shall consist of not less than 30 members. The Arunachal Pradesh Bill, 1986 passed alongwith this amendment has provided for the establishment of the 24th State of Arunachal Pradesh which was a Union Territory.
56. The fifty-sixth amendment of 1987 has conferred statehood on the Union Territory of Goa.
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